Mechanism of muscle injury from eccentric exercise induced free radicals and protection with antioxidants

Authors

  • Kultida Klarod Faculty of Allied Health Science, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
  • Pornprom Surakul Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University Chonburi, Thailand

Keywords:

Eccentric exercise, oxidative stress, antioxidants, muscle damage, oxidative stress induced-muscle injury

Abstract

Eccentric contraction exercise causes more muscle injury and damage than concentric exercise. The mechanism of muscle damage is divided into primary and secondary damages. One of the importance sources of secondary damage is derived from reactive oxygen species (ROS), which an increase of ROS results in the destruction of muscle tissue. Eccentric exercise is not only indicated adverse effect, but also suggested a positive effect with regular training. As a result of eccentric exercise promotes adaptation and prevention, thus some interventions should be taken into consideration for ameliorating negative effects. Antioxidant supplementation has been observed to be a method for relieving negative effect at the beginning of eccentric exercise. Antioxidant has been illustrated as molecules that control the adverse effect from ROS-induced muscle damage. An improved antioxidant level is believed to be a beneficial aspect against oxidative stress which develops from adaptation through exercise training. Previous studies observed the positive consequences of increased vitamin levels, however, several investigations have reported controversial results. In addition, enzymatic antioxidants are able to be controlled by effector cells that are induced, stimulated, and activated, which an increasing or decreasing of these antioxidants are still be disputed. Besides, the responsiveness of free radicals and antioxidants to eccentric exercise also depends on the intensity and duration of exercise.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Lindstedt SL, LaStayo PC, Reich TE. When active muscles lengthen: properties and consequences of eccentric contractions. News Physiol Sci 2001;16:256-61.

https://doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.2001.16.6.256

Hill AV. Length of muscle, and the heat and tension developed in an isometric contraction. J Physiol 1925; 60:237-63. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1925.sp002242

Padulo J, Laffaye G, Chamari K, Concu A. Concentric and eccentric: muscle contraction or exercise? Sports Health 2013;5:306. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738113491386

Kon M, Tanabe K, Lee H, Kimura F, Akimoto T, Kono I. Eccentric muscle contractions induce greater oxidative stress than concentric contractions in skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007;32:273-81.

https://doi.org/10.1139/H06-115

Warren GL, Ingalls CP, Lowe DA, Armstrong RB. Excitation-contraction uncoupling: major role in contraction-induced muscle injury. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2001;29:82-7.

https://doi.org/10.1097/00003677-200104000-00008

Richardson RS, Donato AJ, Uberoi A, Wray DW, Lawrenson L, Nishiyama S, et al. Exercise-induced brachial artery vasodilation: role of free radicals. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007;292:H1516-22.

https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01045.2006

McHugh MP. Recent advances in the understanding of the repeated bout effect: the protective effect against muscle damage from a single bout of eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2003;13:88-97.

https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.02477.x

Ebbeling CB, Clarkson PM. Exercise-induced muscle damage and adaptation. Sports Med 1989;7:207-34. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198907040-00001

Byrnes WC, Clarkson PM. Delayed onset muscle soreness and training. Clin Sports Med 1986;5:605-14.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5919(20)31113-3

Proske U, Morgan DL. Muscle damage from eccentric exercise: mechanism, mechanical signs, adaptation and clinical applications. J Physiol 2001;537:333-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00333.x

Warren GL, Hayes DA, Lowe DA, Williams JH, Armstrong RB. Eccentric contraction-induced injury in normal and hindlimb-suspended mouse soleus and EDL muscles. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1994;77:1421-30.

https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.3.1421

Talbot JA, Morgan DL. Quantitative analysis of sarcomere non-uniformities in active muscle following a stretch. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 1996;17:261-8.

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00124247

Armstrong RB, Warren GL, Warren JA. Mechanisms of exercise-induced muscle fibre injury. Sports Med 1991;12:184-207. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199112030-00004

Yasuda T, Sakamoto K, Nosaka K, Wada M, Katsuta S. Loss of sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane integrity after eccentric contractions. Acta Physiol Scand 1997;161:581-2.

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201X.1997.00251.x

Butterfield TA, Best TM, Merrick MA. The dual roles of neutrophils and macrophages in inflammation: a critical balance between tissue damage and repair. J Athl Train 2006; 41:457-65.

Jackson MJ, Pye D, Palomero J. The production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007;102:1664-70. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01102.2006

Jackson MJ, O'Farrell S. Free radicals and muscle damage. Br Med Bull 1993;49:630-41.

https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072636

Nishino T, Okamoto K, Kawaguchi Y, Hori H, Matsumura T, Eger BT, et al. Mechanism of the conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase: identification of the two cysteine disulfide bonds and crystal structure of a non-convertible rat liver xanthine dehydrogenase mutant. J Biol Chem 2005;280:24888-94. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M501830200

Jackson MJ. Exercise and oxygen radical production by muscle. In: Sen CK, Packer L, Hänninen OOP, editors. Handbook of oxidants and antioxidants in exercise. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 2000. p. 57-68.

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044482650-3/50002-X

Cheung K, Hume P, Maxwell L. Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors. Sports Med 2003;33:145-64. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333020-00005

Molnar AM, Servais S, Guichardant M, Lagarde M, Macedo DV, Pereira-Da-Silva L, et al. Mitochondrial H2O2 production is reduced with acute and chronic eccentric exercise in rat skeletal muscle. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006;8:548-58. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2006.8.548

Silva LA, Silveira PC, Ronsani MM, Souza PS, Scheffer D, Vieira LC, et al. Taurine supplementation decreases oxidative stress in skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise. Cell Biochem Funct 2011;29:43-9.

https://doi.org/10.1002/cbf.1716

Childs A, Jacobs C, Kaminski T, Halliwell B, Leeuwenburgh C. Supplementation with vitamin C and N-acetyl-cysteine increases oxidative stress in humans after an acute muscle injury induced by eccentric exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 2001;31:745-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00640-2

Silva LA, Bom KF, Tromm CB, Rosa GL, Mariano I, Pozzi BG, et al. Effect of eccentric training on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle of rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013;46:14-20. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X20121956

Beaton LJ, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Contractioninduced muscle damage in humans following calcium channel blocker administration. J Physiol 2002;544:849-59.

https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2002.022350

Hortobágyi T, Hill JP, Houmard JA, Fraser DD, Lambert NJ, Israel RG. Adaptive responses to muscle lengthening and shortening in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1996;80:765-72.

https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.3.765

Hortobágyi T, Money J, Zheng D, Dudek R, Fraser D, Dohm L. Muscle adaptations to 7 days of exercise in young and older humans: Eccentric overload versus standard resistive training. J Aging Phys Activ 2002; 10:290-305. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.10.3.290

Yu JG, Furst DO, Thornell LE. The mode of myofibril remodelling in human skeletal muscle affected by DOMS induced by eccentric contractions. Histochem Cell Biol 2003;119:383-93.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-003-0522-7

Howatson G, van Someren KA. The prevention and treatment of exercise-induced muscle damage. Sports Med 2008;38:483-503. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838060-00004

Zerba E, Komorowski TE, Faulkner JA. Free radical injury to skeletal muscles of young, adult, and old mice. Am J Physiol 1990;258:C429-35. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1990.258.3.C429

McArdle A, Pattwell D, Vasilaki A, Griffiths RD, Jackson MJ. Contractile activity-induced oxidative stress: cellular origin and adaptive responses. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001;280:C621-7.

https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.2001.280.3.C621

Balon TW, Nadler JL. Nitric oxide release is present from incubated skeletal muscle preparations. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1994;77:2519-21. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.6.2519

Garcia-Mediavilla MV, Sanchez-Campos S, GonzalezPerez P, Gomez-Gonzalo M, Majano PL, Lopez-Cabrera M, et al. Differential contribution of hepatitis C virus NS5A and core proteins to the induction of oxidative and nitrosative stress in human hepatocyte-derived cells. J Hepatol 2005;43:606-13.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2005.04.019

Chung HY, Lee EK, Choi YJ, Kim JM, Kim DH, Zou Y, et al. Molecular inflammation as an underlying mechanism of the aging process and age-related diseases. J Dent Res 2011;90:830-40.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034510387794

Lima-Cabello E, Cuevas MJ, Garatachea N, Baldini M, Almar M, González-Gallego J. Eccentric exercise induces nitric oxide synthase expression through nuclear factor-kappaB modulation in rat skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010;108:575-83. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00816.2009

Jiménez-Jiménez R, Cuevas MJ, Almar M, Lima E, García-López D, De Paz JA, et al. Eccentric training impairs NF-kappaB activation and over-expression of inflammation-related genes induced by acute eccentric exercise in the elderly. Mech Ageing Dev 2008;129:313-21.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2008.02.007

Ji LL. Oxidative stress during exercise: implication of antioxidant nutrients. Free Radic Biol Med 1995;18:1079-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(94)00212-3

Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:7915-22. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915

Cannon JG, Meydani SN, Fielding RA, Fiatarone MA, Meydani M, Farhangmehr M, et al. Acute phase response in exercise. II. Associations between vitamin E, cytokines, and muscle proteolysis. Am J Physiol 1991;260:R1235-40. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.6.R1235

Maxwell SR, Jakeman P, Thomason H, Leguen C, Thorpe GH. Changes in plasma antioxidant status during eccentric exercise and the effect of vitamin supplementation. Free Radic Res Commun 1993;19:191-202. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715769309111602

Jakeman P, Maxwell S. Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on muscle function after eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1993;67:426-30.

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00376459

Sacheck JM, Milbury PE, Cannon JG, Roubenoff R, Blumberg JB. Effect of vitamin E and eccentric exercise on selected biomarkers of oxidative stress in young and elderly men. Free Radic Biol Med 2003;34:1575-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(03)00187-4

Nie J, Lin H. Effect of vitamin C supplementation on recovery from eccentric exercise-induced muscle soreness and damage in junior athletes. J Exerc Sci Fit 2004;2:94-8.

Paschalis V, Nikolaidis MG, Fatouros IG, Giakas G, Koutedakis Y, Karatzaferi C, et al. Uniform and prolonged changes in blood oxidative stress after muscle-damaging exercise. In Vivo 2007;21:877-83.

Silva LA, Pinho CA, Silveira PC, Tuon T, De Souza CT, Dal Pizzol F, et al. Vitamin E supplementation decreases muscular and oxidative damage but not inflammatory response induced by eccentric contraction. J Physiol Sci 2010;60:51-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12576-009-0065-3

Theodorou AA, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V, Koutsias S, Panayiotou G, Fatouros IG, et al. No effect of antioxidant supplementation on muscle performance and blood redox status adaptations to eccentric training. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:1373-83. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.009266

Yfanti C, Tsiokanos A, Fatouros IG, Theodorou AA, Deli CK, Koutedakis Y, et al. Chronic Eccentric Exercise and Antioxidant Supplementation: Effects on Lipid Profile and Insulin Sensitivity. J Sports Sci Med 2017; 16:375-82.

Klarod K, Philippe M, Gatterer H, Burtscher M. Different training responses to eccentric endurance exercise at low and moderate altitudes in pre-diabetic men: a pilot study. Sport Sci Health 2017;13:615-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-017-0392-3

McLeay Y, Stannard S, Barnes M. The effect of taurine on the recovery from eccentric exerciseinduced muscle damage in males. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6. pii:E79. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6040079

Hanachi P, Shemshaki A. The antioxidant enzymes activities in blood of physical education students after eccentric and concentric training activities. Am Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 2010;7:501-4.

da Silva LA, Tromm CB, Bom KF, Mariano I, Pozzi B, da Rosa GL, et al. Effects of taurine supplementation following eccentric exercise in young adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014;39:101-4.

https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0229

Downloads

Published

2023-07-27

How to Cite

1.
Klarod K, Surakul P. Mechanism of muscle injury from eccentric exercise induced free radicals and protection with antioxidants. Chula Med J [Internet]. 2023 Jul. 27 [cited 2024 Oct. 12];64(3). Available from: https://he05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/CMJ/article/view/249