Anopheles population belonging to Barbirostris complex in Narathiwat Province and its vectorial status for human and simian malaria
Keywords:
Anopheles barbirostris, internal transcribed spacer 2, malaria vector, primate malariaAbstract
Background: Besides well-perceived species of Plasmodium infecting humans, at least four simian malaria species including P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, P. inui and P. fieldi have been incriminated in human infections in Thailand. The vectors of simian malaria in this country have been recently identified as Anopheles latens and An. introlatus.
Objectives: To address whether mosquitoes in Barbirostris complex could be potential vectors of simian malaria and to analyze species composition of Anopheles in this complex from the sampled population.
Methods: During 2018 and 2019, a total of 115 female Anopheles collected by human-landing catches from Sukhirin and Waeng Districts in Narathiwat Province morphologically assigned to Barbirostris complex were included for analysis. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from salivary gland samples of individual mosquitoes. Molecular identification of mosquito members of Barbirostris complex was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region and its partial flanking sequences of Anopheles ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) cistron, followed by sequencing. Analysis of individual salivary gland samples was performed by species-specific nested PCR targeting mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I of four human Plasmodium species, P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, P. inui and P. fieldi.
Results: Two amplicon lengths comprising ~1.9 and ~1 kb fragments were observed in 72 and 43 mosquitoes, respectively. Sequence analysis of the 5’ portion of ITS2 from 21 randomly selected mosquitoes has shown two distinct phylogenetic clades. All 12 mosquitoes bearing 1.9-kb amplicons displayed perfect sequence identity across samples and were placed in a clade related to but distinct from An. saeungae. Nine specimens with 1-kb amplicons were clustered within An. barbirostris species A3. All salivary gland samples gave negative results for malarial DNA.
Conclusion: Two genetically distinct lineages have been identified in Barbirostris complex in Narathiwat Province. None of these carried malarial DNA in their salivary glands, suggesting that they might not be vectors of simian malaria.
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