Bioprinting: revolutionizing biology with 3D innovation
Keywords:
Bioinks, biomedical, personalized medicine, regenerative medicine, three-dimensional bioprinting, tissue engineeringAbstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an innovative technology that enables the fabrication of bioengineered structures through computer-guided processes. It has been in use for over 35 years, contributing hugely to biomedicine. Utilizing biomaterials with regenerative properties has significantly impacted tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and pharmaceutical research. Various bioprinting techniques, including inkjet, extrusion, laser-assisted, and stereolithography, offer unique advantages for precise tissue construction. The “bioinks” used for such printing can be derived from natural sources or synthesized; the ink ensures biocompatibility, mechanical integration, and controlled degradation. Advanced bioinks—such as nanoengineered, biomolecular, multimaterial, self-assembling, and stimuli-responsive variants—enhance applicability in tissue regeneration. Bioprinting is widely employed, including for organ fabrication, cancer detection, and in food technology. However, its efficiency is limited by challenges like cell positioning and nozzle clogging. Techniques such as pollen-based bioinks and the Freefrom Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels help address these issues by improving precision and structural stability. This review summarizes the types of 3D printing, their applications in medicine and industry, as well as their advantages and limitations. Owing to ongoing and achieved advancements, the potential uses of bioprinting continue to expand in personalized medicine, organ transplantation, and sustainable food production.
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