Slit Ventricle Syndrome

Hyde-Rowan MD, Rekate HL, Nulsen FE. Reexpansion of previously collapsed ventricles: the slit ventricle syndrome. J Neurosurg. 1982;56(4):536-9.

Linder M, Diehl J, Sklar FH. Subtemporal decompressions for shunt-dependent ventricles: mechanism of action. Surg Neurol. 1983;19(6):520-3.

Serlo W, Heikkinen E, Saukkonen AL, von Wendt L. Classification and management of the slit ventricle syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst. 1985;1(4):194-9.

Rekate HL. Classification of slit-ventricle syndromes using intracranial pressure monitoring. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1993;19(1):15-20.

Benzel EC, Reeves JD, Kesterson L, Hadden TA. Slit ventricle syndrome in children: clinical presentation and treatment. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1992;117(1- 2):7-14.

Olson S. The problematic slit ventricle syndrome. A review of the literature and proposed algorithm for treatment. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2004;40(6):264-9.

Buxton N, Punt J. Subtemporal decompression: the treatment of noncompliant ventricle syndrome. Neurosurgery. 1999;44(3):513-8; discussion 8-9.

Rekate HL. Shunt-related headaches: the slit ventricle syndromes. Childs Nerv Syst. 2008;24(4):423-30.

Ros B, Iglesias S, Martin A, Carrasco A, Ibanez G, Arraez MA. Shunt overdrainage syndrome: review of the literature. Neurosurg Rev. 2018;41(4):969-81.

Martinez-Lage JF, Perez-Espejo MA, Almagro MJ, Ros de San Pedro J, Lopez F, Piqueras C, et al. [Syndromes of overdrainage of ventricular shunting in childhood hydrocephalus]. Neurocirugia (Astur). 2005;16(2):124-33.

Dahlerup B, Gjerris F, Harmsen A, Sorensen PS. Severe headache as the only symptom of longstanding shunt dysfunction in hydrocephalic children with normal or slit ventricles revealed by computed tomography. Childs Nerv Syst. 1985;1(1):49-52.

Di Rocco C. Is the slit ventricle syndrome always a slit ventricle syndrome? Childs Nerv Syst. 1994;10(1):49-58.

Piatt JH, Jr. Physical examination of patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunts: is there useful information in pumping the shunt? Pediatrics. 1992;89(3):470-3.

Abbott R, Epstein FJ, Wisoff JH. Chronic headache associated with a functioning shunt: usefulness of pressure monitoring. Neurosurgery. 1991;28(1):72-6; discussion 6-7.

Rekate HL. The slit ventricle syndrome: advances based on technology and understanding. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2004;40(6):259-63.

Foltz EL, Blanks JP. Symptomatic low intracranial pressure in shunted hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg. 1988;68(3):401-8.

Epstein F, Marlin AE, Wald A. Chronic headache in the shunt-dependent adolescent with nearly normal ventricular volume: diagnosis and treatment. Neurosurgery. 1978;3(3):351-5.

Agarwal N, Vernier E, Ravenscroft S, Schwartz L, Oleske J, Ming X. Slit ventricle syndrome: a case report of intermittent intracranial hypertension. J Child Neurol. 2013;28(6):784-6.

Engel M, Carmel PW, Chutorian AM. Increased intraventricular pressure without ventriculomegaly in children with shunts: “normal volume” hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 1979;5(5):549-52.

McNatt SA, Kim A, Hohuan D, Krieger M, McComb JG. Pediatric shunt malfunction without ventricular dilatation. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2008;44(2):128-32.

Rekate HL. The usefulness of mathematical modeling in hydrocephalus research. Childs Nerv Syst. 1994;10(1):13-8.

Rekate HL, Brodkey JA, Chizeck HJ, el Sakka W, Ko WH. Ventricular volume regulation: a mathematical model and computer simulation. Pediatr Neurosci. 1988;14(2):77-84.

Rekate HL. Brain turgor (Kb): intrinsic property of the brain to resist distortion. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1992;18(5-6):257-62.

Albright AL, Tyler-Kabara E. Slit-ventricle syndrome secondary to shunt-induced suture ossification. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(4):764-9; discussion 9-70.

Serlo W, Saukkonen AL, Heikkinen E, von Wendt L. The incidence and management of the slit ventricle syndrome. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1989;99(3- 4):113-6.

Fattal-Valevski A, Beni-Adani L, Constantini S. Short-term dexamethasone treatment for symptomatic slit ventricle syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21(11):981-4.

Major O, Fedorcsak I, Sipos L, Hantos P, Konya E, Dobronyi I, et al. Slit-ventricle syndrome in shunt operated children. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1994;127(1- 2):69-72.

Fox JL, McCullough DC, Green RC. Effect of cerebrospinal fluid shunts on intracranial pressure and on cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. 2. A new technique of pressure measurements: results and concepts. 3. A concept of hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1973;36(2):302-12.

Portnoy HD, Schulte RR, Fox JL, Croissant PD, Tripp L. Anti-siphon and reversible occlusion valves for shunting in hydrocephalus and preventing post-shunt subdural hematomas. J Neurosurg. 1973;38(6):729- 38.

Pudenz RH, Foltz EL. Hydrocephalus: overdrainage by ventricular shunts. A review and recommendations. Surg Neurol. 1991;35(3):200-12.

Chapman PH, Cosman ER, Arnold MA. The relationship between ventricular fluid pressure and body position in normal subjects and subjects with shunts: a telemetric study. Neurosurgery. 1990;26(2):181-9.

Ros B, Iglesias S, Linares J, Cerro L, Casado J, Arraez MA. Shunt Overdrainage: Reappraisal of the Syndrome and Proposal for an Integrative Model. J Clin Med. 2021;10(16).

Oi S, Matsumoto S. Slit ventricles as a cause of isolated ventricles after shunting. Childs Nerv Syst. 1985;1(4):189-93.

Sood S, Barrett RJ, Powell T, Ham SD. The role of lumbar shunts in the management of slit ventricles: does the slit-ventricle syndrome exist? J Neurosurg. 2005;103(2 Suppl):119-23.

Atalay B, Yilmaz C, Cekinmez M, Altinors N, Caner H. Treatment of hydrocephalus with functionally isolated ventricles. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2006;148(12):1293-6; discussion 6.

Hoffman HJ, Tucker WS. Cephalocranial disproportion. A complication of the treatment of hydrocephalus in children. Childs Brain. 1976;2(3):167-76.

Di Rocco C, Massimi L, Tamburrini G. Shunts vs endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants: are there different types and/or rates of complications? A review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22(12):1573-89.

Payner TD, Prenger E, Berger TS, Crone KR. Acquired Chiari malformations: incidence, diagnosis, and management. Neurosurgery. 1994;34(3):429-34; discussion 34.

Chumas PD, Armstrong DC, Drake JM, Kulkarni AV, Hoffman HJ, Humphreys RP, et al. Tonsillar herniation: the rule rather than the exception after lumboperitoneal shunting in the pediatric population. J Neurosurg. 1993;78(4):568-73.

Lazareff JA, Kelly J, Saito M. Herniation of cerebellar tonsils following supratentorial shunt placement. Childs Nerv Syst. 1998;14(8):394-7.

Rekate HL, Wallace D. Lumboperitoneal shunts in children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2003;38(1):41-6.

Mokri B, Parisi JE, Scheithauer BW, Piepgras DG, Miller GM. Meningeal biopsy in intracranial hypotension: meningeal enhancement on MRI. Neurology. 1995;45(10):1801-7.

Epstein F, Lapras C, Wisoff JH. ‘Slit-ventricle syndrome’: etiology and treatment. Pediatr Neurosci. 1988;14(1):5-10.

Foltz EL. Hydrocephalus--the value of treatment. South Med J. 1968;61(5):443-54.

Panagopoulos D, Karydakis P, Themistocleous M. Slit ventricle syndrome: Historical considerations, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment review. Brain Circ. 2021;7(3):167-77.

Jang M, Yoon SH. Hypothesis for intracranial hypertension in slit ventricle syndrome: new concept of capillary absorption laziness in the hydrocephalic patients with long-term shunts. Med Hypotheses. 2013;81(2):199-201.

Preuss M, Hoffmann KT, Reiss-Zimmermann M, Hirsch W, Merkenschlager A, Meixensberger J, et al. Updated physiology and pathophysiology of CSF circulation--the pulsatile vector theory. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013;29(10):1811-25.

Rekate HL. Circuit diagram of the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. 1989. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1994;21(4):248-52; discussion 53.

Tuli S, O’Hayon B, Drake J, Clarke M, Kestle J. Change in ventricular size and effect of ventricular catheter placement in pediatric patients with shunted hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 1999;45(6):1329-33; discussion 33-5.

Sandler AL, Goodrich JT, Daniels LB, 3rd, Biswas A, Abbott R. Craniocerebral disproportion: a topical review and proposal toward a new definition, diagnosis, and treatment protocol. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013;29(11):1997-2010.

Saehle T, Eide PK. Intracranial pressure monitoring in pediatric and adult patients with hydrocephalus and tentative shunt failure: a single-center experience over 10 years in 146 patients. J Neurosurg. 2015;122(5):1076-86.

Horcajadas A, Roman A, Olivares G, Saura E, Jorques A, Cordero N, et al. [Usefulness of IPC continuous monitoring in shunt dysfunction]. Neurocirugia (Astur). 2011;22(4):310-23.

Sood S, Kumar CR, Jamous M, Schuhmann MU, Ham SD, Canady AI. Pathophysiological changes in cerebrovascular distensibility in patients undergoing chronic shunt therapy. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(5 Suppl Pediatrics):447-53.

Liniger P, Marchand S, Kaiser GL. Flow control versus antisiphon valves: late results concerning slit ventricles and slit-ventricle syndrome. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2003;13 Suppl 1:S3-6.

Alavi S, Schulz M, Schaumann A, Schwarz K, Thomale UW. Valve exchange towards an adjustable differential pressure valve with gravitational unit, clinical outcome of a single-center study. Childs Nerv Syst. 2017;33(5):759-65.

Thomale UW, Gebert AF, Haberl H, Schulz M. Shunt survival rates by using the adjustable differential pressure valve combined with a gravitational unit (proGAV) in pediatric neurosurgery. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013;29(3):425-31.

Gehlen M, Eklund A, Kurtcuoglu V, Malm J, Schmid Daners M. Comparison of anti-siphon devices-how do they affect CSF dynamics in supine and upright posture? Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(8):1389- 97.

Kan P, Walker ML, Drake JM, Kestle JR. Predicting slitlike ventricles in children on the basis of baseline characteristics at the time of shunt insertion. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(5 Suppl):347-9.

Aschoff A, Kremer P, Hashemi B, Kunze S. The scientific history of hydrocephalus and its treatment. Neurosurg Rev. 1999;22(2-3):67-93; discussion 4-5.

Gruber RW, Roehrig B. Prevention of ventricular catheter obstruction and slit ventricle syndrome by the prophylactic use of the Integra antisiphon device in shunt therapy for pediatric hypertensive hydrocephalus: a 25-year follow-up study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010;5(1):4-16.

Sotelo J. The hydrokinetic parameters of shunts for hydrocephalus might be inadequate. Surg Neurol Int. 2012;3:40.

Pinto FC, Pereira RM, Saad F, Teixeira MJ. Performance of fixed-pressure valve with antisiphon device SPHERA((R)) in hydrocephalus treatment and overdrainage prevention. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2012;70(9):704-9.

Pinto FCG, Oliveira MF, Castro JPS, Morais JVR, Pinto FMG, Teixeira MJ. Clinical performance of fixedpressure Sphera Duo(R) hydrocephalus shunt. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2020;78(1):9-12.

Bozhkov Y, Roessler K, Hore N, Buchfelder M, Brandner S. Neurological outcome and frequency of overdrainage in normal pressure hydrocephalus directly correlates with implanted ventriculo-peritoneal shunt valve type. Neurol Res. 2017;39(7):601-5.

Freimann FB, Kimura T, Stockhammer F, Schulz M, Rohde V, Thomale UW. In vitro performance and principles of anti-siphoning devices. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2014;156(11):2191-9.

Lemcke J, Meier U. Improved outcome in shunted iNPH with a combination of a Codman Hakim programmable valve and an Aesculap-Miethke ShuntAssistant. Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2010;71(3):113-6.

Lemcke J, Meier U, Muller C, Fritsch M, Kiefer M, Eymann R, et al. On the method of a randomised comparison of programmable valves with and without gravitational units: the SVASONA study. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2012;114:243-6.

Desai VR, Sadrameli SS, Jenson AV, Asante SK, Daniels B, Trask TW, et al. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt complications in an adult population: A comparison of various shunt designs to prevent overdrainage. Surg Neurol Int. 2020;11:269.

Kaestner S, Kruschat T, Nitzsche N, Deinsberger W. Gravitational shunt units may cause under-drainage in bedridden patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2009;151(3):217-21; discussion 21.

Chernov MF, Kamikawa S, Yamane F, Ishihara S, Hori T. Neurofiberscope-guided management of slit-ventricle syndrome due to shunt placement. J Neurosurg. 2005;102(3 Suppl):260-7.

Steinbok P, Poskitt KJ, Cochrane DD, Kestle JR. Prevention of postshunting ventricular asymmetry by transseptal placement of ventricular catheters. A randomized study. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1994;21(1):59- 64; discussion 5.

Gil Z, Siomin V, Beni-Adani L, Sira B, Constantini S. Ventricular catheter placement in children with hydrocephalus and small ventricles: the use of a frameless neuronavigation system. Childs Nerv Syst. 2002;18(1-2):26-9.

Rekate HL, Nadkarni TD, Wallace D. The importance of the cortical subarachnoid space in understanding hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2008;2(1):1-11.

Butler WE, Khan SA. The application of controlled intracranial hypertension in slit ventricle syndrome patients with obstructive hydrocephalus and shunt malfunction. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2001;35(6):305-10.

Al-Zabin MM, Vorbringer M, editors. The dilemma of the slit ventricle-syndrome (svs): evaluation and retrospective study of own series and review of the literature 2019.

Obana WG, Raskin NH, Cogen PH, Szymanski JA, Edwards MS. Antimigraine treatment for slit ventricle syndrome. Neurosurgery. 1990;27(5):760-3; discussion 3.

Walsh JW, James HE. Subtemporal craniectomy and elevation of shunt valve opening pressure in the management of small ventricle-induced cerebrospinal fluid shunt dysfunction. Neurosurgery. 1982;10(6 Pt 1):698-703.

Gough J, Walker DG, Theile R, Tomlinson FH. The role of cranial expansion for craniocephalic disproportion. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2005;41(2):61-9.

Martinez-Lage JF, Ruiz-Espejo Vilar A, Perez-Espejo MA, Almagro MJ, Ros de San Pedro J, Felipe Murcia M. Shunt-related craniocerebral disproportion: treatment with cranial vault expanding procedures. Neurosurg Rev. 2006;29(3):229-35.

Weinzweig J, Bartlett SP, Chen JC, Losee J, Sutton L, Duhaime AC, et al. Cranial vault expansion in the management of postshunt craniosynostosis and slit ventricle syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122(4):1171-80.

Hankinson TC, Mocco J, Kimball B, Anderson RC, Feldstein NA. Internal cranial expansion procedure for the treatment of symptomatic intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(5 Suppl):402-5.

Ellis JA, Anderson RC, O’Hanlon J, Goodman RR, Feldstein NA, Ghatan S. Internal cranial expansion surgery for the treatment of refractory idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012;10(1):14- 20.

Di Rocco C, Velardi F. Acquired Chiari type I malformation managed by supratentorial cranial enlargement. Childs Nerv Syst. 2003;19(12):800-7.