Development of Aromatic Balm Prepared from Thai Flower Extracts Obtained by Enfleurage
Keywords:
Aromatic balm, Enfleurage, Thai flowers, Essential oil extraction, Physicochemical stabilityAbstract
This research studies and develops aromatic balm products from Thai flower extracts. The physical stability of the aromatic balm products from Thai flower extracts was studied using the fat extraction method (Enfleurage). The results showed that the extracts of Plumeria rubra L. and Millingtonia hortensis L.f. flowers were opaque white, smooth, non-rough, and had the scent of the extracted flowers. The extract from Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton flowers was clear with a slight yellow tint. The chemical physical stability test of the 3 aromatic balm formulas at a temperature of 35 °C for 4 weeks and the accelerated stability test (Heating-Cooling) for 7 cycles found that all 3 aromatic balm formulas had good smoothness, absorption, and softness, a pH of 5, and slight changes in scent. They did not irritate the skin during and after use and were easy to clean. The color of the products was opaque white with a yellowish tint. It can be concluded that all 3 aromatic balm formulas developed have good physical and chemical stability, are convenient to carry, and reduce the risk of skin irritation and promote relaxation.
References
Aibon, W., Yimnoi, C. A., Tembab, N., & Boonlue, W. (2011). Comparison and evaluation of volatile oils from three different extraction methods for some Thai fragrant flowers. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 33(2), 150–156.
Boruah, T., Parashar, P., Ujir, C., Dey, S. K., Nayik, G. A., Ansari, M. J., & Mozaffari Nejad, A. S. (2023). Sandalwood essential oil. In Essential oils (pp. 121–145). Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323917407000037
Cervantes-Paz, B., Yahia, E. M., & Ornelas-Paz, J. J. (2021). Avocado oil: Production and market demand, bioactive components, implications in health, and tendencies and potential uses. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 20(4), 4120–4158. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12784
Chatterjee, M., Verma, R., Lakshmi, V., Sengupta, S., Verma, A. K., Mahdi, A. A., & Palit, G. (2013). Anxiolytic effects of Plumeria rubra var. acutifolia (Poiret) L. flower extracts in the elevated plus-maze model of anxiety in mice. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(2), 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2012.09.005
Declerck, A., Nelis, V., Danthine, S., Dewettinck, K., & Van der Meeren, P. (2021). Characterisation of fat crystal polymorphism in cocoa butter by time-domain NMR and DSC deconvolution. Foods, 10(3), Article 520. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030520
Domae, Y. (2018). Development of wan-roi-paed balm products in Phatthana Kaona herb processing community enterprise, Klong Luang Sub-district, Klong Luang District, Pathum Thani Province. Academic Journal Phranakhon Rajabhat University, 9(2), 65–74. (in Thai)
Ghasemi, F., Beversdorf, D. Q., & Herman, K. C. (2024). Stress and stress responses: A narrative literature review from physiological mechanisms to intervention approaches. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 18. https://doi.org/10.1177/18344909241289222
Guichard, E., Ayed, C., & Salles, C. (2023). Dynamic instrumental and sensory methods used to link aroma release and aroma perception: A review. Molecules, 28(17), 6308. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176308
Hatwar, P., Dandge, P., Jagtap, P., Gaikwad, S., Jadhav, P., Sonawane, V., & Sanap, G. (2024). Formulation and evaluation of solid perfume. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13(13), 1338–1360. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr202413-33085
Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University. (2024). Thai health 2024: Stress,
the silent threat of Thai society. Amarin Corporations Public Company Limited. (in Thai)
Koch, F., Schrader, K., & Drusch, S. (2024). Water–triglyceride interfaces limit permeability and diffusion of aroma molecules in butter. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 126(1), Article e2300248. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.202300248
Kokphon, O., Singkleewan, N., & Bunpasut, P. (2022). Development of color-changing lip balm from
anthocyanin extract of Leum Pua glutinous rice. King Mongkut's Agricultural Journal, 40(2), 219–228. (in Thai)
Kumari, A., & Sharma, R. A. (2013). A review on Millingtonia hortensis Linn. International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 19(2), 85–92.
Lemasson, C., Caissard, J. C., & Baudino, S. (2024). Volatile organic compounds emitted by flowers:
Ecological roles, production by plants, extraction, and identification. Plants, 13(3), Article 857. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030857
Limprasert, S. (2020). Development of cleansing balm containing Artocarpus lakoocha extract
[Master's thesis, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi]. (in Thai)
Luang-inthorn, W. (2018). Aromatherapy from essential oils. Burapha Science Journal, 23(1),
–77. (in Thai)
Natural Product Research. (2024). Floral volatile composition of Jasminum sambac variants developed through colchicine. Natural Product Research, 39(9), 2444–2452.
Patras, A., Brunton, N. P., O'Donnell, C., & Tiwari, B. K. (2010). Effect of thermal processing on anthocyanin stability in foods; mechanisms and kinetics of degradation. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 21(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2009.07.004
Phromwiset, T., Phanshomphu, T., & Surachetchomkamsan, W. (2022). Development of lip balm
from anthocyanin extract of Phaya Leum Kaeng upland rice. Science and Technology Journal of Mahasarakham University, 41(5), 468–477. (in Thai)
Praphairaksit, N., & Kenney, J. W. (2026). Effect of Jasminum sambac on stress-induced anxiety in mice. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v16i2.7573
Rincón-Cardona, J. A., Agudelo-Laverde, L. M., Martini, S., & Herrera, M. L. (2022). Kinetics crystallization and polymorphism of cocoa butter throughout the spontaneous fermentation process. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 97, Article 103776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103776
Sattayakhom, A., Wichit, S., & Koomhin, P. (2023). The effects of essential oils on the nervous system: A scoping review. Molecules, 28(9), 3771. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093771
Septiyanti, M., Meliana, Y., Suryani, N., & Hendrawati, H. (2021). Characterization of solid perfume based on cocoa butter (Theobroma cacao L.) with jasmine oil (Jasminum sambac L.) as fragrance. Journal of Halal Product and Research, 4(1), 1–11.
Souza, C. S., & Block, J. M. (2018). Impact of the addition of cocoa butter equivalent on the volatile
compounds profile of dark chocolate. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 55(2), 767–775. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-017-2989-6
Suteu, A. S., & Aiordachioaie, L. A. (2023). Recent advances in the preparation of delivery systems for the controlled release of scents. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(5), 4685.
Vishwakarma, P. K., et al. (2025). Millingtonia hortensis L.f. (tree jasmine): Botany, ethnopharmacology, chemical constituents, biological activities of extracts and essential oils-an updated review. Discover Plants, 2, Article 22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44372-025-00107-5
Wang, D., Wang, J., Lang, Y., Huang, M., Hu, S., Liu, H., Sun, B., Long, Y., Wu, J., & Dong, W. (2025).
Interactions between food matrices and odorants: A review. Food Chemistry, 466, Article 142086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.142086
Yingseri, S. (2014). Stress reduction in psychiatric patients receiving intramuscular Diazepam: Drug
effect or placebo effect. Journal of the Psychiatric Association of Thailand, 59(1), 89–96. (in Thai)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Thai Traditional and Integrative Medicine Journal

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles in this journal are copyrighted by the x may be read and used for academic purposes, such as teaching, research, or citation, with proper credit given to the author and the journal.use or modification of the articles is prohibited without permission.
statements expressed in the articles are solely the opinions of the authors.
authors are fully responsible for the content and accuracy of their articles.
other reuse or republication requires permission from the journal."