Extent of some heavy metals in cough syrups abused in Sokoto, Nigeria
Keywords:
Cadmium, copper, cough syrup, heavy metals, iron, lead, substance abuseAbstract
Background: Cough syrup abuse is an emerging public health trend in our society that shall be tackled because it exposes the drug abusers to harmful chemicals and manifestation of harmful biological effects. Determination of the possible embedded constituents in drugs such as heavy metals will guide stakeholders and the public for taking right measures in curtailing the trend.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the levels of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Fe, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni and Mn) in commonly used cough syrups in Sokoto, Nigeria.
Methods: A survey using atomic absorption spectroscopy was employed for the study and the descriptive statistics were performed.
Results: Levels of essential heavy metals in abused cough syrup drugs show, the manganese concentrations range from 0.60 ± 0.03 to 1.10 ± 0.40 (ppm), copper range from 0.13 ± 0.07 - 0.30 ± 0.02 (ppm), zinc ranges from 0.60 ± 0.01 to 1.16 ± 0.12 (ppm), and iron ranges from 0.10 ± 0.2 to 3.0 ± 0.05 (ppm). Levels of non-essential heavy metals in abused cough syrup drugs show that, the chromium levels range from 0.81 ± 0.01 to 3.05 ± 0.07 (ppm), lead levels range from 0.29 ± 0.01 to 0.43 ± 0.01 (ppm), nickel extent ranges from 0.68 ± 0.07 to 1.19 ± 0.41 (ppm), and cadmium levels range from 0.10 ± 0.01 to 0.71 ± 0.01 (ppm).
Conclusion: There are significant levels (P < 0.05) of the determined heavy metals in cough syrups commonly abused in Sokoto, Nigeria. Consequently, toxicity may occur among the users. Governments need to screen heavy metals in all the drugs and put up measures that strictly allowed access to these drugs only on medical basis.
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